Latin American religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin American religion - Essay object lessonAfrican base religions in Central America include Santeria, Vondoo, Condomble, and others. The development of these religion dates back to the date when the Africans started arriving in Central American states.This was during the era of slave trade when they were brought to work in sugar orchard of the colonialist. There religion developed from a mixture of African culture of the slave who had settled in the sates. The early development of these religions was based on the need to have the Africans united in the foreign land. These realigns were based on the principle of truth, justice, righteousness, harmony, order and reciprocity. They were based on the need to have self sustain fitting and the printing of being self empowered in the foreign land. They had a sense of individual and communal appeal. The gain of these religions in Latin America could have followed amore direct root since most of them were prohibited. The prohibition o f these religions made them stronger. They grew to be some of the most important sycretic religion in Latin America.Due to the prohibition of the practice of these religions, they did not quarter a nationals appeal but remained practice mainly by the individual African community that has started them. With sentence they came to be indentified with the Africans an identity that remains up to date. In light of this the national suppressing of these religions was different rand therefore they remained mobile in the country where they were more practiced. For example, Voodoo survived the religious assault in Cuba, Brazil, Dominic Republic and other recrudesce of Central America where it is practiced to date. Condobmle survived only in Brazil where it is practices up do date. Even up to date, there religions have remained racialized according to the community that started practicing them early. It was due to repression of these religion which made them stay limited to the African gro ups although there have been some degree of betrothal of the religion in the region. The process of nationalisation and acceptance of these religions have taken a desire clipping due to the confinement of the religion to the practicing communities al mavin. JudaismJudaism is the religion that has been spread to any parents of the world by the Jew. It is the main religion that has been carried out from Middle East to the whole world by the Jews. The coming of the religion in Latin America is associated with the coming of Jews in the region. They date back to the time when Christopher Columbus and his voyage reached America in 1492. There were around seven Jews who sailed with Columbus on the voyage. When the came to American they stated practising their religion which they have been carrying on with them to all parts of the world. They spread to Latin America where they launch their religion in areas where they occupying. Like in other parts of the world where the Jews settled th ey have been able to keep their religion Jews has emerged to be one of the accepted religion in Central America although it has remained to be loyal to the Jews alone. It has remained exclusive practiced by Jews whoa re still living in Latin America. Judaism has been shown to be one of the religion that developed along tradition African religions in America having developed since fifteenth century to the 21st century and was likewise repressed and lacked a nationwide appeal for a long time. The process of nationalization of the Jewish religion has been slows like the other region. This has been based on the fact that Jews has reamed guardedly as a Jews religion alone and has been identified with the Jewish community alone. However it has remained to be one of the major religions in the region. Judaism was able to survive the spread of the catholic religion which was brought by the Spanish who ascertained the land. IslamIslam has been one of the growing religions in the world in the recent past. It has been growing in number since it arrived in the region. Islam came

Providing Ethical Alternatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Providing Ethical Alternatives - bear witness ExampleNatural products contain no artificial color, flavor, chemicals, preservatives, saccharine, aspartame, irradiated food and meat produced without use of growth hormones or antibiotics (Brewer, 2004). The securities industry has two co-owners who are equal partners. The CEO is the eldest child who holds an MBA. All family members work in the market in one location or another, so this is definitely a family-run business, though the market employs organic chefs, business managers, and others who develop relationships with local farmers and growers. Products offered include natural or organic foods, supplements, health and dish aerial aids, meats, plants and seed. Both locations offer cooking classes for specific food categories on a rotating schedule. The company belongs to local, regional and home(a) growers associations, with a co-owner holding offices in two of the organizations. In the companys mission statement is a major goal of enhancing the local economy, which affects local residents, by buying from local growers as much as possible. The statement goes on to further explain that buying locally also eliminates much of the fuel spending that occurs when products are shipped across the country. This helps Providing Ethical Alternatives 2 reduce the environmental impact of vehicle emissions. One of the co-owners has utter at congressional hearings several times to promote labeling of all foods that are genetically modified (GMO).

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Discussion - Essay ExampleThis doctrine requires that whatever one believes to be true or rational, must come out aside while expect the newfound opinion to be in provisional presumption. This not only helps the attendant to put himself in the shoe of the speaker for the time being, but also helps him to get a clear picture of the speakers view. Moreover, this dominion develops within a person the patience require to negate his personal attitudes and helps him to absorb a new idea, which might he has never come across.Interpretationism Interpretation acts as a significant tool in the principle of charity and, is the process of evaluating attitudes to an individual on the basis of what he believes, says and does. Child (1996, p. 7) suggests that whenever we interpret someone, we truly aim to make attempt to sense of him by attributing beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and other propositional attitudes in the light of which we try to forebode his rational action to the ex tent where we feel to gain an understanding of the nature of his mental reflection.An interpretation whim to this principle revolves around the notion that no individual can claim to be perfectly rational. He is always ready to learn new ideas which means he is exposed to all sorts of local ir modestness in thought and action to which he believes is rational, but in fact is not rational for the set of attitudes he possess are absolutely irrational. Thus, he creates a nexus between the propositional attitudes and the notion of rationality as one of the source of interpretationists principle of charity.Contradiction incurs when the listener has own set of premises and is not ready to consider any argument other than the one he hold. Through such attitude, the listener actually contradicts to believe in the other set of principles and is adamant to learn no new concept or approach. This deviates from the above discussed principle of prediction because

PHL #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PHL 6 - Essay ExampleIt is therefore, different from other concepts such as Cartesian dualism and Skinnerian behaviorism (Carruthers, 1998).Therefore, the two theories argon compatible in this regard as they discuss non-homogeneous concepts of the mind. Their thinking and philosophies are based on the concomitant that the mind rather than the soul. The man is defined by is relationship to an organic structure. Both theories state that it is not only humans that gravel souls and intrinsic principles plainly also beasts and plants (Carruthers, 1998).According to Aristotle, plants have vegetative souls and these include the powers of growth, nutrition and reproduction. Human beings on the other hand, have additional powers of perceptions and locomotion and for this they possess a sensitive soul. The existence of the sensitive soul is manifested by the fact that each animal has a sense faculty(Carruthers, 1998).Functional roles help identify cordial states. There are several types o f functionalism, and these include machine state functionalism, psych functionalism, analytic functionalism, Homuncular functionalism and Mechanistic functionalism. All these types of functionalism point to the fact that, mental states are manifested in individual system such as computers as long as the needed as the system perform the required set of functions (Carruthers,

Marshall Fisher. What is the right supply chain for your product Assignment

Marshall Fisher. What is the right planning drawing string for your harvest-tide - Assignment ExampleFisher argues that in some instances, performance has significantly worsened as a consequence of costs rising to unprecedented levels (Fisher, 1997). Based on his ten years research on the topic of supply chain in different industries ranging from fashion, food and apparel to automobile, Fisher devised a poser aimed at assisting managers to settle on the dress hat supply chain for their specific products and situations. Fishers article aims at assisting managers comprehend the nature of the demand of their products and services and create a supply chain, which can best suit this demand. Fisher begins by arguing that a lot of brain power and technology has been use with the view of improving supply chains. Organizations have the capacity o acquire and retain the voices of their customers using advanced(a) grocerying tools. The ancient aim of a successful supply is to accuratel y identify and respond to market demands. According to Fisher, the first and perhaps most important step in developing and in effect(p) supply chain strategy is to appreciate the nature of demand for ones companys products. In order to attain this objective, companies typically make use of agile manufacturing, automated warehousing and mass customization (Fisher, 1997). However, these efforts go to prove ineffective as supply chains worsen with each passing day. A guiding light symptom of this problem is the notable excess of one product and the scarcity of another. This begs the questions of why firms are unable to develop the performance of their supply chains and how these problems can be tackled in an effective manner. Fisher shows that if an singular classifies products and services on the basis of their demand patterns, these products fall into two major categories the products are either originally innovative or functional. Each of these categories calls for a distinctl y unique form of supply chain. A primary problem arises from the mismatch between the type of product category and form of supply chain utilized. Therefore, an effective supply chain must first identify the type of product through criteria such as demand unpredictability and lifecycle. Functional products fulfill basic needs and have long lifecycles and stable and certain demand. Innovative products have short lifecycles and it is relatively difficult to predict their demand since they depend on wonted fashion and lifestyle causing uncertain market reactions. Fisher argues that after ascertaining the type of product macrocosm supplied, a company should determine whether the companys supply chain is responsive to the market or physically efficient before using a matrix to determine the ideal supply chain strategy (Fisher, 1997). Functional products typically need effective supply chain processes while innovative products look at responsive processes. Companies dealing in function al products are presently realizing the detriments of focusing on cost reduction, which causes lessen returns. Consequently, firms are shifting towards sustaining coordination with corporate stakeholders such as distributors and suppliers who play a pivotal role in the supply chain processes. This coordination presents growing opportunities especially in light of the development of electronic networks, which enable nigher coordination. However, companies often use the cooperative and competitive strategies to their detriment since the two approaches need dramatically diverse behaviors (Fisher, 1997). On the other hand, companies dealing in innovative products seek systems that provide high levels of product availability

Unit 2 DB Introduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 2 DB universe to American Court System - Essay ExampleIn other words, the Rules are purposeful in eliminating expresss that may lead to unfair prejudice against a party.One case that illustrates inadmissibility of character evidence in a criminal proceeding is the Greenberg v. Aetna Ins. Co., 427 Pa. 494, 235 A.2d 582 (1967) in which it was established that the plaintiff was erroneously permitted to testify that he had a a heroic record having served in the U.S. army during WWII (Pacode, N.d.).The admissibility of character evidence in respect of a rape victim as presented by a defendant is limited if the court case is for assault, innovation to commit rape or rape. If the defendant seeks to use opinion or reputation evidence to army the sexual conduct of the rape victim, the character evidence remains inadmissible (Scott, 2000) as it may be inflammatory. The defendant, however, may only enjoy admissibility of character evidence if they intend to show specific instances of behaviour by a sex victim in proof of the claim that a party different from the defendant was the source of injury, semen or other physical evidence. Alternatively, the defendant may enjoy admissibility of character evidence to show that their sexual behaviour with the victim was consented to by both parties. In the two cases, the evidence is apply solely to prove the defendants

Dropout Prevention With A New Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dropout Prevention With A New system - Essay ExampleSo, young people who continue the mathematics sequence throughout soaring schoolhouse are bound to have additional career opportunities (Leder Smith). What if these young people refuse to finish spirited school? What are their chances of having careers that they can consistently pursue? Perusing a second time the itemization of specialized workers that the nation sees as most important in terms of its Gross Domestic harvest-tide is a reminder that high school and college clearouts working at McDonalds and Walmart have no opportunity of joining the ranks of those mentioned on the list. Lack of formal education is a roadblock. Yet, college dropouts make one of the largest and the fastest ripening youth groups in America (Leonhardt). It may be that dropping out of college is becoming fashionable because genuine highly successful and prosperous businessmen like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Michael Dell are all college dropouts. The compose of an article published in 2005, Men Want Retooled College Experience in USA Today, wrote In high school, I was told to watch for the guys who left school before graduating because they were the ones Id be working for later. It has been repeatedly said that geniuses do not always feel motivated by the idea of formal education. wholly the same, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Michael Dell have given speeches on the importance of education (Men Want Retooled College Experience). Perhaps they were referring to students with come intelligence in other words, their potential employees. Research studies have shown that students from low-income backgrounds are more likely to drop out of high school or college. Andy Blevins from southwest Virginia dropped out of college where he was getting Cs and Ds, to work instead on the floor of a supermarket warehouse.

Impressionism and Expressionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impressionism and Expressionism - Essay ExampleThe essay Impressionism and Expressionism examines impressionism and expressionism. Vincent van van Gogh and Jozef Israels have pieces of art that portray such styles. While in Nuenen, Holland at his fathers lodge, Vincent cool stump spud Eaters. This motion-picture show is the first of his works that reveals influences from the farmhand descriptions of Jozef Israels. In Potato Eaters, Vincent even reveals this influence and defines Israels as the the Dutch Millet. Vincent reveals his admiration for a painter of anglers and humble farmers who he referred to as Dutch Millets. Between Vincents Potato Eaters and Israels Peasant Family at Table, Vincent was clearly inspired to compose his own idea of a small-scale farmers dinner setting. In terms of composition styles, Potato Eaters reflects Israels subject and style of art. At the same time, Potato Eaters has darker shades, animpasto paint textures, and more inspiration from Rembrandts tenebrism. Tenebrism is a style of portraiture apply by Caravaggio and his successors wherein several objects are vibrant in terms of color while the rest of the painting has dense shadows. Tenebrism remains an impressionist style of painting. In Potato Eaters, the point of view is skewed. The askew character of the painting shows Vincents naivet and originality at the same time. This is also a major similarity between Potato Eaters and Israels Peasant Family at Table.

Critical Context of law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Context of law - Case Study Exampletax inspectorate.Mandox had purchased raw(a) lobby when the property market was cheap. It is obvious that Mandox had purchased Bleak third house as part of his investment plan. Bleak Hall belongs to Mandox although his wife, Muriel, uses it more often for political reasons.His wife, Muriel, and three daughters have judicially enforceable rights in the ownership, use and stage business of Bleak Hall. There is no keep an eye on of Muriels and their daughters rights anywhere concerning Bleak Hall. However, Muriels status as Charles Mandoxs wife gives her judicially enforceable rights. This could prove useful in case of any divorce claims, although there is no mention anywhere of Charles and Muriel contemplating divorce.Apart from Muriel and their children, no one else has any right or claim on Bleak Hall. Charles Mandok may spend much of his time taking drinks. However, he has sharp business sense. The possibility of anyone opposite tha n Muriel making any claim on Bleak Hall is remote. Mandok is too powerful and ruthless to brave let on any third party claims on Bleak Hall.However, Muriel makes good use of Bleak Hall. She sensed right that in the emotional vacuum of Bleak Hall she would encounter little opposition to her own designs. A political career, she adjudged, needed a prosperous backcloth.Bleak Hall was close to the residence of the then visor minister, Tony Blair. What additionally would Muriel Mandox need to have done or be able to demonstrate to show a legal or equitable interest in Bleak HallCharles Mandox uses Muriels paycheck to pay for the outgoings and keep of Bleak Hall. Muriel could have asked for co-ownership of Bleak Hall. Muriel is quick-tempered and Charles is ruthless. The couple has lived through to see three children, all daughters, although approximately of the childrens time is spent with girls hired as childcare. Muriel is so caught up with her political career that she does not hire as necessary the need to spend time to talk with Charles Mandox about their property affairs. For a adult male of wealth like Charles Mandox, it is necessary to have property and financial affairs well sorted out to take care of any contingencies.Her background as a miners daughter and traumatic home livelihood did not breed in her the systematic and planned thinking of those used to sophistication. Her father had disappeared after having a bottle smashed on his head by her mother. Her socialist background and political proclivities aroused in her the grandiose prospects of career in politics. Her political life brought out her innate qualities of quick thinking that include brilliant albeit raw calculations. She had first joined the Conservative party and then switched over to the Labor.The first time Charles called her out on a date, she almost told him to go to hell. His persistence on dating her

Grocery, Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Grocery, Inc - Case Study ExampleThus Masterpiece argued that it had through with(p) so in the best interests of both the parties involved.John W. Ralls in Subcontractor May Pursue Claim for get around of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing in Contract but May non Pursue a Cardinal Change Theory. June 11, 2001 explains a similar case in Wyoming.Grocery argued that it was non mentioned that the contract would not be handed over to a sub-contractor without the consent of both the parties because the agreement was sign-language(a) by a trainee, who was not even a major and had no idea or flummox about the subject. Thus, the validity of the agreement itself was in question. Also, the quality of construction of the building was very poor, thus set Grocerys reputation at stake. Grocery is a renowned brand all over the US and is cognize for its stores and products. The major argument, however was that Masterpiece failed to inform Grocery about the subcontracting of t he work to Build To Fall, which was a rift of trust.The Honble court gave the judgment that Masterpiece had indeed resorted to a breach of trust and ordered Masterpiece to remodel the whole job, without any extra compensation and within a time-period of four months or else pay a damage claim of $ xyz.The parties agree that this is a case of first impression in Missouri as Missouri courts have not specifically addressed whether a creditor is obligated to apply proceeds from a foreclosure sale to all loans in default secured by the same collateral pursuant to a outstrip or umbrella loan agreement. Both parties claim the resolution of the matter is governed by section 400.9-601(a), which provides in pertinent part, (a) After default, a secured party has the rights provided in this part and, except as other provided in section 400.9-602, those provided by agreements of the parties. A secured party(1) May reduce a claim to judgment, foreclose, or otherwise enforce the claim, security interest, or agricultural lien by any available judicial procedureand section 400.9-615(a), which provides in pertinent part,(a) A secured party shall apply or pay over for cover the cash

A personal experience on a vaction trip to paris,france Essay

A personal generate on a vaction trip to paris,france - Essay ExampleI was really excited to guarantee the Eiffel prevail because I had read many stories about it. The Eiffel Tower is the symbol of Paris and likely the most recognizable landmark of the city. It was built by Gustave Eiffel for the World Exhibition of 1889 and it was never meant to be a permanent add-on to the citys skyline. Initially, the artists and writers of Paris expressed their strong disapproval regarding to the tower, further later generations commended it. The figures are impressive (like the fact that it weighs 7000 tons) but forget about them and try to enjoy the sight. (Places to Visit in France)After screaming the Eiffel Tower I wanted to see Sainte-Chapelle. Many people believe that it is the gateway to heaven, I have read so many true stories about the uniqueness of this church, it sounded so surplus, and I decided that I had to see it for myself. I was very impressed, the church was exceptionally beautiful, I had seen many churches earlier in my life but, indubitably, this one was special and really beautiful.After visiting the beautiful church I headed towards the museum in Paris. This was on the top of my essential see places so I headed straight towards fulfilling my wish. The museum had a great collection it had some rare coins, transcripts and so on. These things were very rare and this was, perhaps, why they were locked inside a museum. The entry inside the museum was not free, but it was not too expensive and going to the museum in France was a one of kind experience.Notre Dame Cathedral was my bordering destination. This cathedral is very famous for its gothic architecture and this is exactly why I decided to see it and it was certainly not a letdown. This cathedral is located in the heart of the city and several tourists visit it day in, day out.I decided to relax and what is a better place to relax than the capital of Luxembourg Gardens? Several tourists go to t hese gardens regularly in order to relax and find

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions - Essay utilizationIt is crucial to curb the over use of non-renewable resources as these atomic number 18 non- replaceable. A constant use of these non replenishing resources until exhaustion will bring a situation of dire environmental and economic problems (Energy Conservation Strategies and Solutions). It is the need of eon to understand that humankind race altogether needs measures for verve conservation to save life on the Earth. This understanding is imperative as it give the gate save not only household and business specie but also the savings in terms of muscle for tomorrowLife in todays scenario is upon speed, fill and the power of energy. Human beings consume energy in almost every aspect of day-to-day activities comparable transport, heat and electricity. It is therefore essential that these basic activities must be diminished to ensure the conservation of energy and reduction or exclusion of unnecessary energy use and wastag e. This requires individual and government efforts to make fitter living beings because human endeavor is imperative to deal with the burning problem of misuse of energy and resources. For this, human console, individual security, national security, environmental value, and financial capital must be taken into prime context (Energy Conservation Strategies and Solutions).There are numerous actions that can be adopted to safeguard energy and delay the environment around. It is important to conserve energy because most of our current energy sources are non renewable and hold a finite quantity. They encompass all the nonrenewable resources much(prenominal) as coal, petroleum, natural gases, and nuclear power. These resources took millions of long time to reform and again are going to take the same duration for its formation. Exhaustion of these resources will unclothe the human civilization from the energy resources (Energy Conservation Strategies and Solutions). Consequently, sea rch for better options for the energy resources is essential. It is apparent that renewable resources such as biomass, water, geothermal, wind, and solar energy serve as better options for the energy resources releasing fewer pollutants in the air (Energy Conservation Strategies and Solutions). Various nonliving factors that play crucial role in consumption of energy are sunlight, temperature, precipitation, water, and soil. Sunlight and temperature bestow to energy consumption. It is understood that like sunlight and temperature other renewable resources can also be used as sources of light and energy and also as an alternative to the nonrenewable resources that are currently being used (Energy Conservation Strategies and Solutions). Apart from nonliving factors, living factors that may contribute or be affected by energy consumption are herbivores (plant eating animals or browse animals), carnivores (flesh eating animals or they feed on other animals or matter of animal origin), and omnivores (they thrive on both plants and animals) (Energy Conservation Strategies and Solutions).The energy flow in the ecosystem asSunlight Plants Herbivores Carnivores Decomposers (Energy flow in Ecosystem).This displays the info that plants are the sole trappers of solar energy and they are the ultimate providers of energy to the entire ecosystem and animal world. If plants are affected by energy consumption, by deforestation, by utilizing them for various products, to get land for construction of

Men become victims of their misplaced trust in false friends Essay

Men become victims of their misplaced trust in false friends - Essay ExampleIt is about the story of a prisoner, Gregory, who places complete trust in the companionship of his enemy. Gregory was given two chances to escape to save his own life but he fails to run away. Gregory is materialistic. He cares only for his present which is comfortable enough for him. He does not realize his friend must heed his superior and that means that his friend will kill him. Gregory is shot but he does not perish immediately. He hangs on to his friend for life or for death. His friend is forced to shoot him several clock in order to make a clean killing. His friend honors Gregory by not humiliating his consistency with a public hanging. Gregory thinks that his friend has breached his trust by shooting him. His soldier friend blames Gregorys stupidity for his death.Nabil Gorgy wrote capital of Egypt Is a Small City in 1983. This story is about Engineer Adil Salim, who is killed in revenge for his collide with of a bedouin earth, Mubarak bin Rabia. Adil is a proud man who has a big ego. He thinks of himself being tidy because he is educated as an engineer. He makes the false overture of drawing attention to himself by his sibilant courtship of a beautiful bedouin girl named Salma. He is watched and recognized as the murderer of Mubarak. The bedouins plot their vengeance craftily. They are above reproach as they use the girl, Salma, as bait to ensnare Adil. Adil falls into their freeze and is killed. Adil is a victim of his own carelessness, ego, lust, stupidity and trusting nature. Cairo Is a Small City uses an omniscient narrator.This essay uses these two short stories to compare the similarities on how trust is betrayed. The essay takes the position that the two victims, Gregory and Adil, merit to die, because of the fault of gullible trust in their personal characters. Adil trusted in the shopkeepers strategy of befriending the woman because he saw that it worked. G orgy and the omniscient narrator want to blame the shopkeeper for showing Adil the flirtatious method of bartering for the womans affections. The write up says ...had it not been for that day, Adils mind would not have given birth to the plan he was determined, whatever the cost, to attribute through, because of that woman who had bewitched his heart. (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 24). Adil does not question the consequences if the trust goes wrong. He is gullible and the fault is his alone. Adil trusted in his own bravery. The evidence that supports this argument is in the narration As every man, according to Adils philosophy of life, had within him a devil, it was sometimes better to follow this devil in order to placate him and avoid his tyranny. (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 24). When Salmas father asks Adil many questions, alarm bells started ringing in his head but Adil chooses to ignore the legal opinion that something might be wrong. Instead, Adil sweeps the feeling of misgiving aw ay. The narrator says Though Adil noticed in the fathers tone something more than curiosity, he attributed this to the nature of the bedouin and their traditions. (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 27). Adil makes the mistake of fetching the interrogation lightly. He places complete trust in Salma and her father who have invited him to their home. It is his mistake. Adil only realizes too slow that his trust is misplaced In the same way as Adil had previously built the seven storey build that represented the seven months, each month containing twenty-eight days, till he would see Salmas face whenever it was liberal moon, he likewise sensed that this was the tribunal which had been set up to make an enquiry with him into the killing of the man whom he had one day come across on the tracks between the oases of Kharga and Farshout. (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 27). Adil was too trusting to move into the lions lair of the bedouins and he was served his punishment. In the story of Gregory, the na rrator and

Capital structure analysis Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital twist analysis - Math Problem ExampleSince the managers ar not sure of the accurate share expenditure IST, the company would face a lemons problem if it would wish to raise the amount of capital required through and through exit equity. A lemons problem takes place when both the buyers as well as the sellers have asymmetric information about the worth of the return in order to take an informed choice, and it is not contingent to get hold of the correct information. For example, if in the market, the buyer cannot determine the value or worth of the crossroad precisely, then he might be willing to pay only an average determine for it, which is costly about the mean value of the bid price and the offer price. But, this skews the balance towards the lemon seller (whose products are not of high quality), because receiving an average price for his low quality product is good enough for him as the average price would definitely be higher than the price the product would co mmand if the buyer knew in advance about the quality of the product. This occurrence in like manner places the seller of a good quality product in a disadvantageous position, since the best value such a seller can judge to get for his product is an average price, which is actually lower than the value the product should command (Tel Aviv University, n.d.). Prob. a) In the incident of IST, since the managers of IST are not sure about the accurate price of these shares and feel that it is either $12.5 or $14.5, so as the investors have chosen an average price and hence the shares of IST are presently trading at $ 13.50. i) At present, if the company have it offs equity to raise the required capital, the share price will remain $13.5. The managers of IST would eer want to maximize the long-term share price of the company. If the managers turn in that the accurate value of the share is $12.5 because the shares would be priced at $13.5 which is higher than the actual correct price, the company will have to issue comparatively lesser number to shares as compared to the situation if the shares were priced at $12.5. If the share price was $12.5, IST would have to issue 40 jillion shares to raise $500 one thousand million and now that the share is trading at $13.5, it will have to issue 37.037 million shares. Thus, since in this case IST has to issue 2.96 million less shares, it gains around $40 million (2.96 million times 13.5) and hence the managers would definitely choose to issue equity to raise $500 million ii) But, if the managers know that the accurate value of the shares is $14.5, issuing equity would mean that the share price would remain at $13.5 though its actual value is more(prenominal). This would go against their policy to maximize the long-term share price of the company and would also imply that the company would have to issue 2.55 million more shares than it would have at share price of $14.5. This would lead to a loss of $34.42 million (2.55 million times 13.5). If the company take overs the required amount, it has a holy terror of potential financial distress and the present value of the financial distress cost would be more than any tax benefit, by at least $20 million. The potential loss by issuing debt is much less than the loss by issuing equity, hence in this case the mangers would choose to borrow $500 million instead of issuing equity. Prob. b) If the management of IST issues equity, then the investors should conclude that the

Organizational Change and Development Assignment

organizational Change and Development - Assignment ExampleThis discussion identifies three perspectives, people, approach and method of variegate carrying out at the broader level that feign agitate management process.Greek philosopher, Heraclitus, is known to be the first person who touched upon the changing nature of the world, in his words, you never step into the same river twice, (Cameron & Green, p.10) and all(prenominal) is in melt (Stetson & Conti, p.29). This concept is equally apt to the world of avocation with increasing competition, meeting customers expectations, and finding new opportunities for branch in business, career and sustaining the competitive edge in the changing markets (McGrath & MacMillan, 2005). Organizations will have to embrace these challenges in order to sustain in the competitive world. In order to achieve their goals, while catering to the changing demands of the industry, organizations adopt strategic changes, appropriate for achieving ev ery single objective. These strategic changes are meant to bring about thorough or transformational change to the established counsellings of working from both organizational and employee perspectives. Nevertheless, bringing about change at the workplace, whether structural, procedural, technological or financial, in order to improve the situation or for better business results entails more efforts than planning the change and its executing. The forces that cause organizations to opt for radical transformations could be external such as technological advancements, government regulations, increasing competitiveness, and/or changing demands and internal such as organizational bureaucratism and complacency. Usually, implementing change is impacted by factors such as time and investment required the impact of change on the financial performance of the business return on investment an intensity of improvement and importantly, its impact on the end customers. At an organizational level , planning for the change and change management as a responsibility rests with, or is the function of, specific project management team or division, but its implementation at an organizational level requires the involvement of various, or all, other functions/departments failing which the proposed change itself may fail. This ill luck can be disastrous for the organization or business and/or to the people associated with the change and the organization, which includes all stakeholders, i.e. employees, customers, and all shareholders. Therefore, bringing about a change should equally be balanced by the way change is being managed in order to succeed. Michael Dell believes that companies that learn to manage change are in the best position to continue to take the risks needed to stay out in front (cited Matejka & Murphy, 2005 p.19).

Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

5 - Assignment ExampleThe verge hump originated from English language in the 8th century and evolved to become what we know it today. From the old English, the forge lufu is related to luve in Old Frisian, luba in old Germany and lubo in Gothic. In early systems of Scandinavian languages, in that respect was lof, an equivalent of todays love. Its present marrows were also contributed by the Indo-European lubido connoting desire and lubet which meant that something was attractive. As the word was changing from culture to culture, it acquired a different meaning considering the varying purposes for which people treasured to physical exertion it and the kind of emotions they wanted to express and as it came to classic, the word love acquired its meaning, as I define it and from the OED definition, from the Greek mythology in ancient Greek where words like xenia, philia, storge, eros, and agape.Apparently, it is intoxicatingly fascinating to note that the meaning of words evolves from epoch to time and culture to culture as necessitated by cultures and customs. My definition of love as an intangible emotion that one experiences when they meet something or someone that makes them happy has been shaped by my American culture. Similarly, the word love acquired various terms such as lubido, lof, luba and lubet in various languages as necessitated by what the people wanted to express and such meanings having been changing from time to time to a now relatively standard meaning of love. Hence, the meaning of words is shaped by time, cultures and customs coupled with the message that they are portrayed to

Progress report on internet abuse and employee productivity case study Essay Example for Free

Progress report on meshwork abuse and employee productivity slickness study EssayThe internet has able to improve business by increasing productivity because of improve information dissemination and decision-making, however employers are concerned by employees who use it for their individualized and social need during working hours which occurs because the workplace give them a sense of privacy.The overseeing of employee internet use has created tensions between employers, who monitor employee use to protect data leakage and check employee productivity, and employees, who feel a breach of trust whenever monitored, who project that casual internet use is not detrimental, and who make water felt emotional and physical problems because of observe. The internet has had material impact in the 1995 economic boom despite studies which show that this is only felt in the microeconomic level.A UN report has shown that American employees are less productive than their European an d Asian counterparts because they cannot improve side-by-side with the cause of Moores Law. Organizations which suck in put in investments in technology improvements substantiate not felt the suppositious exponential add in revenue and increase in market share because they prepare not reduced input resources such as the number of employees and that their employees extradite not increase in knowledge or productivity.It was suggested that to reduce productivity losses non-internet tasks should increase, productivity benchmark methods revised and incentives given to productive employees. IT was alike suggested that to avoid employee-employer conflicts, the employer must give ample time for internet use, enforce a written internet and electronic mail use policy, forge a fellowship website that will help employees to finish tasks, and keep a friendly working atmosphere. The employees in turn must not use the internet often for personal use and enhance their productivity in lin e with the companys premier interests.I have completed the entire research project and found out that employee and employer relations can be contumacious following my proposed clearlines which I have made after preceding research from denominations in magazines and books. I have found that employees regard monitoring as a beach of trust and had felt emotional tolls during monitoring by their bosses. Employers on the other hand only move to monitor to ensure the security of company data. I have found out that employee productivity has decreased with the increase in IT investments among companies.I have proposed guidelines and suggestions basing on my readings to decrease worker productivity losses. Work Completed I found this survey conducted by Mercer Management Consulting and have gathered that companies though they have invested much on improving technology to increase their business efficiency, have not yet felt the projected increase in sales. I have gathered from an article on The Economist that according to the joint research venture between MIT and U Penn the paradox that is the decrease of worker productivity despite increase in IT investments can be attributed to the factors they have laid out.This information I have placed under Technology vs. Productivity. After connecting ideas, and finding the strong root of this paradox, I have now searched for references to build a suitable to-do list for employers and employees to declaration the worker productivity losses. I read a New York Times copy dated February 9, 2000, with an article saying that employers who give incentives to productive employees contributed to the increase in US productivity in the 2nd get out of 1999.I have gathered form a copy of PC week that filtering and monitoring policies increased productivity of employees, from this idea I suggested in my research paper that employers must impose strict e-mail and internet use policy. Conclusion After so much consideration of facts, I h ave summon up with a research paper that will explain the problems of employee productivity and internet abuse and guide employees and employers while joining forces to reduce productivity losses.Reference Gupta, Jatinder, and Sushil Sharma. Improving Workers Productivity and step-down Internet Abuse. The Journal of Computer Information Systems 44. 2 (2004) 75-78.

Coursework Rates of reaction Essay Example for Free

Coursework evaluate of reaction EssayInvestigating the effect of ingress on the set out of reaction Skill(s) assessed Topic C10 Experiment 9 (in S4) Investigating the factors affecting the rate of reaction IGCSE Coursework Skills C2, C3, C4 Some of the factors affecting the rate of a reaction that you hire studied are Temperature Concentration Surface area Aim Investigating the effect of changing the concentration on the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, by collecting the carbon dioxide gas inclined off.CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Hypothesis My hypothesis is that as we increase the concentration of the HCl, the rate of the reaction allow be faster this is because more collisions will be present Materials Small calcium carbonate chips Dilute hydrochloric acid (1 counterspydm-3) Distilled water supply Delivery tube Bowl Conical flask ( nose candyml) Beaker Measuring cylinder (100 cm3) Stop watch equaliser Clamp Clam p holder Safety Glasses. Method 1. Collect all materials 2. Fill the bowl and the 100 cm3 cylinder with water 3. Holding the end so that the water doesnt go out, turn the cylinder spinning top down and place it down the bowl, keeping it still with the clamp, put the delivery tube at the jam of the cylinder 4. Weight 3g of small size calcium carbonate chips 5. Put on your safety specs 6. Add the 3g of small carbonate chips into the conical flask 7. Add the HCl acid in the conical flask 8.Quickly afterwards put a cork so that you shut all air entries in the conical flask 9. At the same quantify as you place the cork, start timing how a great deal it takes to get 50cm3 of gas 10. Repeat this experiment using different concentrations of HCl acid by diluting the acid with distilled water, to take in it a sensible test use always the same amount of chips and always reach 25cm3 in the measuring cylinder so that only concentration and not amount will affect the rate of reaction.1 1. Record your results in a neat and tidy table Results Table Volume of 1. 0 mol dm-3 HCl (cm3) Volume of H2O (cm3) Concentration of HCl (mol dm-3) Time (s) to reach 50ml Time to reach 100ml graph Anomalous Results In this experiment we were lucky to find no anomalous results at all, everything went on as we planned it was going to go like. ConclusionAs you can see in the graph, our hypothesis was right, as we increased the concentration of the HCl acid in out experiment, more collision were happening and therefore the time for it to reach 50ml was becoming smaller and smaller, meaning that the reaction was becoming faster. So we end up with the expiration more concentration of acid = faster rate of reactions = more collision. We could also see in the drift/pattern that at first, when we started increasing by only 0. 2 in concentration, the time for it to reach 50ml lessen from 38 to 17 seconds, almost half of what it was before.After a while, as we increased the concentration, the variation between the two concentrations began to get smaller and smaller, it first started at decreasing from 38s to 17s, then from 17s to 9s, 9s to 7s and from 7 to five-spot seconds. At this last 2 differences, at the change from 0. 6 to 0. 8, and 0. 8 to 1 in mol dm-3 of concentration of HCl, the difference was in both only of 2s, showing off that if the acid was moreover too concentrated, and almost getting to being fully concentrated, the difference in time to reach the 50ml will become smaller and smaller.Evaluation/Improvement The experiment was carried out really well, there was no evidentiary anomalous result which indicated that we were doing the right thing, the experiment fulfilled our hypothesis decision, it went on as we planned it would. We should be in possession of repeated the experiment, repeating the experiment would get to given us much more accurate results, and we have used the same balance for each measuring of calcium carbonate, so that we make it a fair test.

Causes of World War Essay Example for Free

Causes of hu humankindity War EssayWorld War 1 was the number one fight in history that had or so of the foundation dragged into conflict against cardinal an contrary. There were m whatever front ends of WW1 the main one that personationually started it was a short term cause, the blackwash of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austria-Hungary Empire. nevertheless in that location were a lot of long term causes that were pretending up to struggle like the blazonry flow with military sections such as dark blue being built up especially amidst Britain and Ger more. alike Imperialism was a great cause because Germany had only just unified in comparison to the perch of the manhood they fateed to get themselves on the map in regards to some colies and there wasnt often free space rest in the world, alike there was the alliance systems that actually pulled everyone into the war. Nationalism besides played a role, basically its patriotism so it cone sides wit h the alliance system especially to do with Britain and all its colonies such as Australia and Canada, they join the war because of the alliance but also because Britain is basically there mother so even though they were independent they still were going to help out their oldest and superlative ally at that time.The only short term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28 1914, this act committed by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo Bosnia was the match that started the fuse that led to war. The reason for this assassination was mainly because he and his group wanted to break free of the Austria-Hungary Empire and brace an independent Yugoslavia. This caused the spark of the war because Austria-Hungary make up out that Serbia helped to provide some equipment and weapons. So they decided to teach Serbia a lesson by going to war with them and were planning on crushing them but they couldnt because Serbia was allied with Russia but they did anyway pulling there a lly, Germany, in and causing the whole conflict to kick off. The death of one royal family member and the actions of one man to commit that murder ended up getting approximately 16 million muckle killed in the process.The arms race then ensued when Germany started to build its navy in compaction with Britain use 4,532,000 tonnes of iron and other materials and had 63 separate Dreadnoughts built. Those figures were just for the dreadnoughts that does not include other ships like destroyers and torpedo boats. That shows the pure order of the want that Germany had to out-class and over power the amazing and massive British Navy that had been dominate in the oceans of the world for hundreds of years. There is a reason for the saying Rule Britannia, Britannia rules the waves. The whole arms race was because Germany wanted to capture the world power over Britain and to do that they needed a navy but they couldnt really build massive ships in secret so the British found out and started to up there navy power as well, to stay ahead.One of the main ways they did that was by introducing the HMS Dreadnought it was a sunrise(prenominal) design that was faster and stronger than any other ship that had been built to appointee. It was launched on the 10th of February 1906 starting a new class of ships, the Dreadnought class. The whole naval arms race was a product of Germanys imperialism and want to become a major world power but because they had only unified in 1871 they didnt have much of a chance to get many colonies but they got a few and needed a navy to defend them but they had other plans on what to do next.There was also an arms race on land/ sky but it was no were near as large or live as much because ships are a lot oversizedger and to a greater extent expensive. But ever since wright brothers flew their low gear plane the military was interested in using them as weapons and they did, Biplanes made their combat debut during WW1 and it was the first time bat tles had taken to the skies and there was more than just ground forces to consider when planning out tactics. alike it was during but there was also the invention of the Tank or as it were first called Land ships.Imperialism was a major stir amidst the European powers as they were all trying to get more colonies and more land, but during this time Germany still wasnt Germany it was Prussia and because they unified late they didnt have a chance to colonies the world but they did do it in time to functionicipate in the scramble for Africa and its resources. The reason for it being a part of the build up to WW1 was that Germany was envious of the restof the European powers and how many colonies they possessed, especially Britain.This might not bet that important but to be a world power you needed influence around the world or a lot of land (like Russia) but Germany had neither but the wanted to be conceded a world power but they couldnt really because there was not much land left t hat the Germans could Colonise. Germany was also involved in the Morocco crisis because they wanted equal economic benefits from Morocco including Moroccos natural resources. This whole situation was a big problem between the European power and who would control Morocco.Nationalism is just patriotism on an native level, during the early 1900s all powers in Europe had their populations tricked because they all thought their ideologies were the best and their army could crush any opponent. Basically the major powers thought they were the biggest and the best. This was especially important between Russia and Germany the main reason Germany agree to bet on Austria-Hungary is because the tension between Russia and Germany was building. But because of nationalism was so strong in Germany they thought, well war is infallible so we may as well crush them now. But Russian people had the same idea.On the outbreak of war Germanys mobilised with the strength of 3.8 million in there general a rmy compared to Russias 5.25 million. You can discipline that Russias military was a lot bigger but Germany had it going by dint of their minds that they could win anyway, even though on the outbreak they sent most of their troops towards France to destroy them quickly, that was the plan anyway. The whole reason most empires/ countries got involved was because they thought their armies were so amazing that their contribution would end the war in under a year, which was not true because of the stalemate that old tactics with new equipment caused, because as soon as political machine guns were introduced trench warfare was outdated.The alliances were the main long term cause of WW1 they are what brought everyone into the war making it a world war, because it involved most of the world. The first treaty that was called upon was Serbia calling on Russia because of the treat from Austria-Hungary and Serbia could definitely not stand up on its own to such a large empire such as Austria -Hungary. Therewas no signed treaty but Russia wanted to keep the peace in the Bucklands state and to do that they need to mobilise their military. And the mobilising of Russias military marked the start of many chain reactions of treaties/ alliances that would be called upon that cause one assassination to turn into the First World War. The Duel Alliance was the defence agreement between Austria-Hungary and Germany it was brought in, in case Russia attacked which was most likely at the shoot for when the treaty was signed in 1879. Also ironically it was signed to limit war but it did the exacted opposite.But even though it was called upon for an offensive movement it was still defensive from Russia because Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia cause the Russians to move there army towards Austria-Hungary so they called for support from Germany and they got it. These were the first devil alliances call upon and they started the First World War. The Franco-Russian Alliance was between Ru ssia and France it was mainly to contain the threat of Germany because if Germany decaled war on either of them they would have to fight on two fronts because France and Russia were right next to Germany but on opposite geographical sides. It was signed in 1836 and its purpose was to dissuade Germany it worked for a while but ultimately it failed and Germany declared war on both of them. The Treaty of London was signed 1839 and its point was to recognise and guarantee Belgiums freedom and Neutrality.Because it was so old Germany called it The Scrape of Paper and when Germany planned to disregard Belgiums neutrality by going through Belgiums boarders to invade France they expected no one to care or act upon it. Not only was this seen as war mongering but Britain stayed true to their word to Belgium and got involved in the war because of that. And with the entry of Britain brought all her consort from her colonies Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa. With that most of the world was involved and it truly had become a World War. then finally there was America. America was not obliged to join the war at any point by a military alliance but as soon as Germany announced open-plan submarine warfare in 1917 trying to restrict shipping to Britain and force them to surrender by starvation them American shipping was in danger because America shipped food and other goods to help them in the war effort indirectly. But with their shipping naval personnel in danger they didnt have much of a choice to declare war on Germany thus America entered the war.In conclusion there were many reasons for WW1 to start but most of them had been building up for years behind the scenes it just took the match of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand to light the fuse and the world exploded into chaos and destruction with roughly 16 million people dead, 20 million wounded, and 8 million missing it was one of the biggest wars in the worlds history.BIBLIOGRAPHYhttps// www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5YREY33W24 publish on 4 Aug 2014https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=njINCi9iIrA produce on 25 Jun 2010http//www.schoolhistory.co.uk/gcselinks/wars/firstwwlinks/worksheets/causeswwi.pdf produce on (No date found)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I Published on 29 Aug 2014http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria Published on 29 Aug 2014http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria Published on 27 Aug 2014http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip Published on 5 Aug 2014http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated Published on (No date found)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race Published on 19 Jul 2014http//alphahistory.com/worldwar1/imperialism/ Published on (No date found)http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/moroccan_crisis_1905.htm Published during May 2012http//alphahistory.com/worldwar1/nationalism/ Published on (No date found)http// www.matrixgames.com/forums/tm.asp?m=3415778 Published on 24 Sep 2013http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations Published on 11 Jun 2014http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879) Published on 2 Aug 2014http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance Published on 23 Aug 2014http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839) Published on 23 Aug 2014http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/america_and_world_war_one.htm Published during 2006The First World War, Robin Lobban, Oxford University budgeText book from school, page 91 (white)

1987 Constitution Interpretation Essay Example for Free

1987 typography Interpretation EssayBy the 1850s The Constitution, sooner framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and stress and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it had created. This is all shown by the misinterpretations of the Constitution and documents that followed on many occasions and topics.The Constitution was nalways explained to how it was meant to be interpreted, which cause many disagreements, which ultimately started sectionalism, which is the loyalty to interests or views in ones region of a country rather than the views or interests of the country as a whole. Sectionalism shiver started the idea of sucession from the union, which started the bloodiest war on american soil, the Civil War. The misinterpretation on the views of slavery was the biggest argument as shown in multiple documents, (Document E), To the Argument, that the word slaves and slavery are not to be found in the Constitution, and wh erefore it was never intended to give any protection or countenance to the slave system, it is sufficient to reply, that no such words are continued in the instrument, other words were used, intelligently and specifically, to meet the necessities of slavery.This basically means that the constitution could have many interpretations on the basis that no right interpretation was ever stated.There were many feuds between documents following the Constitution such as the Compromise of 1850 as show in in the map of (Document A) where the country is broken into 2 parts, not unified because of slavery, along with the Fugitive knuckle down Law, (Document D)

Equality, Diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Essay Example for Free

Equality, Diversity and inclusion in manoeuver with children and young people. Essay1.1 How does the compeerity Act 2010 promote equality and diversity? Obtain your naturalizes Equality of chance policy. What is its aim? Identify references to action.The Equality Act protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair more equal society. Equality and diversity is now a limiting judgement in Ofsted inspections. This means that if equality measures argon not being implemented efficiently, this admit behind restrict the over entirely in all inspection grade.As a school, you essential not discriminate against a pupil or prospective pupil because of their disability, race, sex, gender reassignment, religion or belief, or sexual orientation. The objectives at Tutshill School are that all children in our school go out perk up in an environment free from the effects of and without discrimination, and that the working conditions and environment of our staff and volunt eers will also be free from discrimination.Tutshill C of E Primary School strives to ensure that the culture and ethos of the school are much(prenominal) that, whatever the heritage and origins of members of the school community, bothone is equally valued and treats one an opposite with respect. Pupils should be provided with the opportunity to experience, read and celebrate diversity.Tutshill School will adhere to Gloucestershire LEAs Racial Harassment in Schools Guidelines and stick all new teachers, student teachers and ancillary staff aware of the policy.1.2 Why is it important to support the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access?All children have the right to access all the opportunities which are on offer in the school provision. Each and every pupil has the right to lift up and should not be discriminated against for any reason. In order for us toachieve this we must involve the children and parents in finding out what works we ll in school and what doesnt. This should be supported by spunky quality teaching and learning experience. I believe that involving the children in this process would make the children more reassured and find oneself more valued within school.1.3 How is ethnic diversity valued and promoted in your school? talk closely its importance. at bottom Tutshill School opportunities are provided for all children to experience others cultures and ethnic backgrounds. This is promoted through literacy lessons. Every term the children I work with have a new topic for example, Greece and The Romans. With each topic they learn more or less their cultures much(prenominal) as their religion, language and the different foods they eat. The children in year four studied the Romans and did a play for the other children in assembly and also designed a menu for the whole school to try. The Year vanadium class studied Greece and designed and do holiday brochure for display in their class elbow r oom and also designed a Greek menu for the school to try. This is to ensure that the children understand and value the friendly and cultural diversity that could be in their own community as well as roughly the world. Culture can cut across nationalities and faiths and by promoting cultural diversity and the differences of individuals and groups within school will enhance a childs learning and promote knowledge and understanding of all pupils. various cultures in schools should be acknowledged and reflected throughout the curriculum. By supporting and encouraging children to understand and accept cultural diversity will also prevent stereotyping and reduce prejudice and discrimination within schools. Most importantly, it will prepare children and young people for numerous changes that will happen in their lives as adults where they will of necessity be involved in mixing with adults of different cultures and backgrounds.Having watched the Teachers TV programme Pride and Prejudice, about Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children, comment on the following.2.1 What prejudices do these groups face?Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children face umteen prejudices throughout their lives. They are not considered part of the community that they live in and often come up against racism, stereotyping, discrimination and abuse not only from other children but adults as well.2.2 What impact does this have on traveller C/YP?The impact that racism, stereotyping and discrimination have on the children is that they fall out of school or are taken out of school at an early age. Majority of traveller children tend to leave school or are taken out of school at the end of primary aim as they find the transition into secondary school a difficult one due to other children and teachers bulling them and having little knowledge or understanding of their culture. The remainder of the children do not often make it late(prenominal) year 9.2.3/2.4 How have schools tackled prejudice to raise attenda nce and attainment?Schools have tackled these prejudices by increasing other peoples knowledge about these minority groups. For ExampleCelebrate their culture.Looking at the chronicle of the travellers.Increasing awareness of their heritage by having day trips to the Romany life centre.Traveller children making a booklet to educate teachers and pupils, about their religion and how and where they live. Showing the pupils a film about travellers about their skills and how they made a living.To raise attendance and attainment schools have been flexible with rules regarding attendance rates and given redundant support especially skillful before SATs. The most important thing I feel is that they treated each and every child the same.3.1 Explain what is meant by inclusion?Inclusion means to be fully included, to make people feel valued and respected irrespective of ethnicity, gender, disability, culture, age, religion and sexual orientation. It is about giving equal access and opportun ities to everyone.3.2/3.3 Provide 3 or 4 examples of inclusive practices in your schoolroom/school.During my time at Tutshill School I have witnessed and been part of several inclusive practices.Example 1.Within year 4 we have a student who is Chinese. During the Chinese New-year SL brought in sweets for everyone so we could celebrate the Chinese new-year with her. She then had time to talk to the class about what she did during their celebrations.Example 2.Throughout each classroom and the school there are displays of childrens work. All abilities are displayed, so the children can see and understand that just because their work may not be the neatest or always correct it will still blend in to be displayed.Example 3.During P.E all children will be included, whether they have a lower ability or any medical issues. The games that they are playing will be adapted if needed to so that every child has the opportunity to participate.

John Paul Jones Essay Example for Free

John capital of Minnesota Jones EssayJohn capital of Minnesota Jones was an policeman of the infant Continental Navy who took the War of Independence all the way to British soil and carried expose move raids. Responding to Britains loot and burning of Colonial America, John Paul Jones damaged or destroyed strongholds and absconded with needed supplies. He is regarded as Americas greatest Revolutionary ocean holder and the founder of Americas naval traditions. John Paul Jones was born in 1747 to an estate gardener in Scotland. His mari judgment of conviction career began at the early age of 13 when he started work as an apprentice to a ship owner. He was initially into the slaving trade that happened between England, America, West Indies and Africa. But currently, he started to hate the slaving trade. At the age of 21, he received his showtime-year chance to captain the brig when the captain and first mate succumbed to a fever. He soon became a successful merchandiser sa ilor (Blythe, two hundred6). In 1773 on the island of Tobago, he was forced to counter intractable sailors fenceing for more(prenominal) pay. In the act of defending himself, he killed one of sailors. Scared of legal punishment, he eluded to America and took the name John Paul Jones.This was the period when America was at odds with Britain all over taxes and a revolution was brewing. Empathizing with the Americans, due to his familiarity with the highhandedness of the British at Scotland, Jones joined Americas quest for liberty. When the oppose broke out in 1775, Jones volunteered for service in the brand- untried Continental Navy. America did not have any liberal of naval power during the initial stages of the Revolutionary War. But soon, the Congress decided to convert merchant ships to ships of state of war and as well as began to build new naval ships.Jones was able to contribute his knowledge of ships and his naval experience towards the twist of the American navy ( Blythe, 2006). During the four years of his service in the navy during the American Revolution, he gave iterate and brilliant examples of naval warfare that was best suited to the forces of the colonies. He found that he was the hardly officeholder in the service who was capable of formulating effective plans for the improvement of the navy. He immediately began to shape his ideas into practical suggestions mensurable to bring order out of the utterly chaotic conditions which existed in the government at Philadelphia.His knowledge of the rules and standards of the British navy helped him formulate the rules and standards for the American navy with due regard for the differing conditions in the colonies (Russell, 1927). The Congress, on November the 2d, voted one nose candy thousand dollars for the purchase of four ships, and empowered the naval committee to engage officers and seamen. John Paul Jones first took over as second in bid of the Alfred (Russell, 1927). In January, 17 76, Commodore Ezek. Hopkins arrived in Philadelphia, and escorted by an eager convention of citizens, went gloomy to the Delaware where lay eight ships of the new fleet.On his boarding the Alfred, Captain Saltonstall gave the signal and Lieutenant Jones pulled up to the masthead the first American naval flag. This was not the banner with thirteen stripes, but a rectangle of scandalmongering silk bearing a picture of a rattlesnake and the legend Dont Tread on Me. Thus Jones came to be known widely as the Founder of the American Navy (Koven, 1913). John Paul Jones was later put in charge of Providence, with 21 mounted guns. Jones soon captured 16 British vessels on a single journey.While on Providence, Jones was ordered to do convoy duty for ships carrying supplies for the defense of recent York. To do this, he had to pass through the widespread fleet of Lord Howe, which was blockading the Northern ports. He got himself chased several times, beat off the British frigate Cerberus which sharpshooted him near Block Island, and saved the cut ship Hispaniola from threatened capture (Russell, 1927). Here it is important to note that John Paul Jones enjoyed being chased. He liked to linger until almost overhauled, and then tack and be off onwards the wind before the adversary had waked up.He was never over pullulaten and never boarded. For two reasons he knew what to do, both by training and sense and he never took a ship which was not fast. He re rancid to Philadelphia from his successful convoy voyage threesome weeks after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Joseph Hewes who recruited him into the American Navy was satisfied that his find was a talented mental capacity (Koven, 1913). According to Jones Journal, he suggested to Hewes that he be sent to the west coast of Africa, to intercept and harass British trading ships. He desired an offensive naval war.Hewes gave Jones an unlimited order to Jones for a free-lance sail to last six weeks or two or three months. Jones loaded stores at once and on August 21, 1776, aboard the little Providence, carrying only twelve long-four guns and seventy men, sailed for the Bermudas on the first extensive open-sea cruise ever undertaken by a lone American warship. He met with many saucy adventures. He had to escape from the British frigate Solebay with twenty guns. The attached saucy incident occurred off Sable Island, after the Providence had turned northward.The British frigate Milford surprised him while his crew was fishing. Jones permitted the frigate to chase him for eight hours, the last mentioned meantime wasting worthy shot and shell and then made his escape. The adventure aboard the Providence lasted six weeks and five days, and during this period, he took six brigantines, one ship, and one sloop and destroyed six schooners, one ship and one brigantine. Jones also dismantled the fishing at the islands of Canso and Madame. He returned to Newport, Rhode Island, on Octobe r 7, laden with spoils and glory (Koven, 1913).On November 2 Jones a soak up sailed for Newfoundland in the Alfred, it was with the hardy crew transferred from the Providence. However, he had to trust this treasured ship to Captain Hacker and take the latter along. He faced trouble because of Captain Hacker who slipped back stealthily to Rhode Island just in time to be taken by the British. During this voyage, John Paul Jones faced a lot of treachery and disobedience. flush John Adams, who reflected the New England viewpoint, viewed Jones with suspicion as he was a British man.In the Alfred, when he sailed up to Isle Royale, Jones found that his plan to free the imprisoned Americans had been balked by the winter ice. But he also had some luck. He captured a sixteen gun privateer from Liverpool. On November 12, 1776 in American amniotic fluid, the Alfred captured the H. M. S. Mellish, a 350-ton armed ship that was carrying a cargo of winter uniforms and former(a) British supplies, along with 60 British soldiers, to Quebec for His Majestys army. Jones was elated to later learn that some of the clothing reached General George Washingtons army before the Battle of Trenton.He also had to face the British frigate Milford during his voyage. The frigate came up about nightfall. Jones lured the Milford to the chase and he tacked. The enemy followed his light, thus permitting his prizes to escape. The next morning he had to decide whether to fight the Milford. He accordingly signaled Lieutenant Saunders, in charge of the captured Liverpool ship, to release back until he could discover the enemys force. Saunders obeyed, but stupidly dropped so far back that the frigate overtook and captured him.Jones, after exchanging a few shots with the Milford, made sail for Boston, where he arrived with only two days water and provisions left. Jones mat most hurt when he was superseded in the command of the Alfred by a man who had been his junior officer by eight numbers. In May , 1777, the Marine Committee sent Captain Jones to New Hampshire to take command of the French ship Amphitrite. Jones was to sail direct to France and report to Commissioners Silas Deane, Benjamin Franklin, and Arthur Lee, who would purchase a fine frigate for him and give him orders.But the French Captain was not certified of the command and hence he was willing to take Jones as a passenger but not as the commander. Jones returned to Boston to await a new suggestion as to what he should do. After a few more days of deliberation the ocean committee gave Jones command of the Ranger. On the 14th of June Congress passed two notable resolutions the first, adopted the stars and stripes as the national banner of the United States the second appointed Paul Jones to the command of the Ranger.Benjamin Franklin, had been taken to France by Captain Lambert Wickes so Franklin could serve as Americas first foreign diplomat to seek urgently needed help from France. John Paul Jones met with Fran klin and began a fruitful relationship with the diplomat, who had been impressed with Jones exploits aboard the Providence. Jones became the first American to attack a British port, although a number of his restless crew members, preferred to attack merchant ships for the loot and avoid attacking settlements or strongholds on shore.The Ranger brought the war to Whitehaven, the very tail Jones had been when he first went to sea. Jones ordered some of his men to go ashore and destroy dozens of ships in the harbor and take weapons from them. But his men were not all obedient. Some of these men became insubordinate by helping themselves to distilled spirits in a nearby pub. Despite the failure to totally destruct, this was the first surprise attack on a British seaport since 1667. Jones had sent a clear message to the British authorities the Americans fighting for independence were not to be trifled with and were willing to bring the battle to Britain.This was truly a turning point in the American Revolution. Jones had with him Lieutenant Wallingford, Midshipmen Arthur Green and Charles Hill, and twenty-nine men. The alarm caused by this raid was absurdly out of proportion to its actual accomplishments but beneath the hysteria was a very veritable fear born of the realization that Englands long untouched shores had been violated by a daring enemy who might soon strike again. Whig newspapers attacked the government for having brought this upon the people. The raid had another serious effect.It enormously increased the insurance policy rates on British shipping, thereby adding another burden to the growing expense of the war. After the Whitehaven raid, Jones headed toward his place of birth of Kirkcudbright to locate Selkirk Castle, the home of the Earl of Selkirk. Jones believed by capturing the earl he could use him as a bargaining chip to gain release of American prisoners. This plan did not work out as the earl was away and his crew was express feelings on looting the trudgele. Upon meeting the dignified Lady Selkirk, Jones disallowed any violence and permitted his men to take only the family liquid.Some time later, Jones wrote Lady Selkirk a long letter of apology, promising to buy back the silver and return it. After the war Jones did indeed return the silver as promised at con arrayrable personal expense, which the earl announced in Edinburgh newspapers. The next day Jones crossed the Channel and came abreast of the Irish port of Carrickfergus. in that respect some fishermen, whom he took on board, told him that the British war sloop, the Drake, which had been at anchor in the roadstead as a guardship, was coming out to look for him. This was welcome news to Jones.He had been itching for a fight with the English in their own waters, and here was an opportunity laid in his hand. Though already informed of the Whitehaven raid, the Drakes captain had no suspicion of Joness presence, but on sighting the Ranger, he sent out a boat to reconnoitre. The midshipman in charge could not make her out because Jones kept his ships stern toward the boat, and he finally boarded her. He was astounded when informed he was the prisoner of the dreadful John Paul Jones. Instead of sinking feeling the English ship, Jones decided to take her and carry her into a French port.Instantly he ordered his gunners to drop out firing at the enemys hull and to aim instead at her sails and rigging. This was a favorite French tactical manoeuvre of the period, of which John Paul had doubtless been advised by the French officers back at Brest. The gunners took the hint and as their muzzles rose at the swell of the sea, they brought down the Drakes fore and main topsail yards in a heap. In a moment the ship was as helpless as a log. Jones boarded the enemy after a fight lasting an hour and four minutes.Jones lost only two killed and seven wounded. Raising the stars and stripes, he lured the Drake into deeper waters and bested her in a one-h our battle. The captured British ship, with its flag flying upside down beneath an American flag, was sailed into Brest, France, with 200 British prisoners aboard. While in France, Jones was given a ship for his personal use the Duc de Duras a merchant ship that Jones upgraded and renamed the Bonhomme Richard, which was Jones way of honoring Franklin and his celebrated Poor Richards Almanac.The battle between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis was to become among the most famous sea battles of all time. The seasoned skipper of the Serapis, Richard Pearson, knew his American enemy was close and was on the lookout. Just after 630 p. m. , the American commander, who had displayed a British Union Jack to cause confusion, suddenly took it down and sent up the Stars and Stripes before engaging the Serapis. Soon the two ships were locked in point-blank bit in what became known as the Battle of Flamborough Head.Hundreds of people gathered on the chalk cliffs of Flamborough Head to sc out the battle, which lasted for nearly four hours with unremitting fury and was later regarded as one of the most desperate and sanguineous fights in naval history. Cannon fire boomed in both directions, ripping the ships apart piece by piece. As the citizens looked on, the two frigates became entangled together so tightly that the muzzles of the cannons from both ships at times were paltry each other.Jones purposely positioned the Richard close to the swifter, copper-bottomed Serapis to deny the larger ship the advantage of its larger and more numerous cannons. Meanwhile, the Alliance, which was sailing with Jones and commanded by a Frenchman, engaged the Countess of Scarborough. Jones won that battle even though the other ships in his fleet were only marginally helpful. During the battle, Jones wisely ordered the release of all British prisoners in the Richards hold so they could man the pumps.This tactic freed his men to return to battle, where they emerged triumphant in a app arently hopeless situation. This was the first time an American vessel had taken so powerful a British warship. Jones went back to France and was showered with honors. King Louis presented him with an inscribed sword that credited him for defending The Freedom of the Seas. Jones also was invested with the Order of host Merit, allowing him to use the title Chevalier. King Louis even requested that a noted French sculptor cast a beautiful marble bust of Jones (Russell, 1927).The open French support garnered by John Paul Jones for the American Revolution was one of the main reasons that the American Revolution ended successfully on the side of the colonists. Jones returned to America in 1781, where he accounted for his actions at sea. His answers were so thorough that Congress approved a ball resolution thanking him for service to the cause. He was also cleared of any charges from his pre-war days in Tobago. Although Congress awarded him command of a new ship, the America, the war was ending and enthusiasm for an American navy was beginning to wane.But, even with the war over and the America out of his reach, Jones strongly urged Congress to establish a formal navy and pull in schools where junior officers could be taught. The principles he established provided the basis for todays U. S. Naval Academy.Bibliography Blythe, Bob (2006). John Paul Jones (1747-1792). http//www. nps. gov/revwar/about_the_revolution/jp_jones. hypertext markup language Koven, De Reginald (1913). The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones Vol. 1. C. Scribners Sons, 1913 Russell, Phillips (1927). John Paul Jones Man of Action. Brentanos, 1927.

Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs Essay Example for Free

inquiry and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs EssayDiscuss the reasons why the look and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on hatful suffering from human immunodeficiency virus/ champion in developed and developing earthly concernhuman immunodeficiency virus/AIDS gloss over does not regulate down a know cure, tho has a discourse that slows down the affects of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very(prenominal) exclusive drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you are in, and that is a huge dilemma because legion(predicate) pile cannot afford to pay that amount of m matchlessy so they are not able to elate the treatment. If deal in the first world countries cannot receive the drug, how do people in the third world receive the drug? In third world countries the drugs are given to them for free, but on the 47% gets th e full treatment. The drugs are given to them by of the drug company itself of separate companies that buy the ARVs from the company and send out it to the place where it is needed, for example Africa. Africa is the location where the nigh HIV/AIDS cases are, and is as well the one getting the least amount of treatment.The reason for this is because the ARV drug company wants to get their money back for all the research they throw up in, so giving the ARVs for free would become a great loss economically for them. The first human face of this neck is the kindly part. Infrastructure is a big fuss because as buildings coast a solidification to construct they are not able to put up many, and you must also fork over proficient people able to work thither, which are hard to find in Africa. There are very few amount of places where you can go get well-tried but they bear a particular amount of treatments and supplies. This is a huge problem because if people go to get bette r they ease up to hold in or not get better at all collectible to the lack of resources. I would sack up this issue by having not many small structures but several big structures so the supplies have a greater chance to arrive and more money is used wiser and more efficiently. Another social fit of this problem is the education. In Africa the education is something that not everyone gets, so they are not aware just about how they get the disease, how they can prevent it or what arethe affects.A reason for why in Africa they do not receive the education is because there are a very few amount of teachers, and the teachers that they have may also be contaminated and are not able to execute their job correctly. HIV/AIDS affects everyone in their community because the disease spreads fast in their case (the people in Africa). This is due to their sexual behavior. Their culture does not have monogamy or a custom of only one sexual partner, but they have many different sexual partner s, and that is why HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly in Africa. They also do not use protection because it is not available to most people and so chances are higher to get HIV/AIDS. Another cultural flavour is that there is a lot of prejudice against testing. Many people do not want to get tested for HIV/AIDS because one, they are scared the test might come back positive, second if it does upshot positive how will they tell their family/friends and thirdly how will they get the treatment they need to get.If the people get tested and do want to not tell anyone, because of various reasons, and as a result the problem amplifies and does not get solved. Another problem for the cultural aspect is get the people to take indebtedness and try to change. Of coarse it is easier to ignore the problem and pretend it is not there, but that would not be assist the matter, it would be making it worse. How to solve these problems would be, in my opinion, have protection available to them, encourage t esting, reassure the people that there will be a treatment for them, make them understand the severity of this issue and that if we do not take action it may get a lot worse, have session/groups for them to blether about their worries, experience ect. However before doing this we must solve the bigger problem, how do we give them the treatment for free. Another aspect of the issue is the ethical/moral part.The richer countries to some extent have an obligation to help the poorer countries, but the third world countries should not relay or take advantage because also the richer countries have their own problems to solve. For insists America is going though a very tough crisis but at the alike(p) time they are support the less fortunate get better. The poorer countries should also take action and do something to help themselves, because they should be putting the money where it really needs to go to, the people. This leads us to another aspect of the issue, the political portion. P olitics have caused a lot of mayhems in the world because they sometimes do not have theypriorities sorted out.For example in Africa instead of investing their money in this issue of HIV/AIDS and the treatments, they have decided to invest their money on weapons and in their natural recourses such as oil. It is very hard to run a third world country but it should not be an excuse. To solve these concerns although it is a difficult task but one direction to solve them, in my opinion, is to have people from the first world talk and discuss about what they can do together (with the people of the third world) instead of just have the first world do everything on their own. The last aspect of this issue is the economic part. Africa is already a poor continent, having a poor economy is not helping either. They do not have enough money to circulate and this stops Africa growing, having sick people also stops the economy from growing because it is another matter they have to face.Child lab or increases due to the detail that the adults are sick and are unable to work and the poor people have no musical mode in getting better because there arent enough doctors. In conclusion a way to resolve the problem in the distribution of the ARVs is to have several multi-national pharmaceutical companies sponsor the ARVs, so other independent companies do not have to buy the drug and then distribute them, but by sponsoring the drug, the ARV drug company directly gives the drug to the third world countries without loosing its money.The multi-national pharmaceutical companies get advertizement and so they also gaining not loosing their money. As you can see this is a win, win situation. The main issue here is that the ARV drug company does not want to loose the money that they put in research so they make the drug excessively high-priced because to produce the drug is a coast next to nothing. Once the people receive the treatment, they should help educate not only the affected p eople but also the people that havent been affected yet. I believe by doing this, the transmission of the HIV/AIDS with decrease significantly and things will start to get better. I do believe that this problem is solvable.

Hamlets Tainted Mind Essay Example for Free

Hamlets Tainted Mind EssayIn doing two, Hamlet presents a self loathing soliloquy, reflecting upon his hesitation in taking revenge upon queen mole rat Claudius. Shamed and inspired by the courageous tone of a play actors speech, Hamlet vows to catch the Kings criminality though a play of his own. However, while his plan may be viable, Hamlets reasoning suggests a impair mind.The speech immediately focuses on Hamlets praise for the actor and disdain for his own lack of action. He displays a deep envy for the characters fondness, while disparaging himself for lacking the same fervor. Had he the motive and the cue for passion that I have? He would drown the stage in tears. In reaction to his envy, Hamlet devises a vengeful plan. However, while indeed witty, attempting to sight someones conscious hardly qualifies as the act of passion and deduction that Hamlet so yearned for earlier in his soliloquy. This contradiction insinuates Hamlets inability to register emotion on a phy sical scale. While his mind can generate phrases and ideas of articulacy and beauty, its too tainted and preoccupied that it can not transfer the eloquent words he recites into reality. Thus, time and time again he will in all ignore the task at hand.Hamlets plot also suggests a weakness in his ability to ascertain human disposition. He plans on catching a grimace of evil or worry upon Claudius, accept that the sight of his own actions will prompt the Kings emotions. Ill observe his looks, Ill tent him to the quick. So Hamlets authorized scheme hinges on a man publicly revealing his inner sentiment. While of course, such a notion is unreliable and impetuous, Hamlet trusts its validity. The plays the thing wherein Ill catch the conscience of the King.A man that would make such a terrible crime, as that accused of Claudius, would hardly be affected, at least externally, by Hamlets plan. Hamlet obviously lacks a full sagaciousness of the complexity of man. He evolved earlier in a ct one, when he so forcibly learned and noted that Theres never a villain dwelling in Denmark but hes an arrant knave. Evidently, his mental evolution lacks completion, as true human nature is virtually unbeknown(predicate) to Hamlet.These imperfections, while proving a tainted mind, also serve to accentuate Hamlets character. Not often can a man speak his ideas so eloquently, yet express them with little resemblance, and understand them with even less accuracy. perchance the contradiction suggests a direct correlation between Hamlets secluded upbringing and schooling and his lack of understanding of human nature?

Information Technology Ethics Essay Example for Free

Information Technology Ethics EssayDefinitions-the right to be al one(a) the near comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by people. (Justice Louis Brandeis, Olmstead v. US, 1928)-the right of individuals to control the collection and use of schooling about themselves. Legal Aspects auspices from unreasonable intrusion upon ones isolation. Protection from appropriation of ones name or give cargonness.Protection from unreasonable unexclusiveity given to ones private. Protection from publicity that unreasonably places one in a false light before the public.RECENT bill OF PRIVACY PROTECTIONCommunication Act of 1934-it restricted the governments ability to secretly intercept communications. However, under a 1968 federal statute, law enforcement officers whoremonger use wire criticiseping if they first draw a courtroom order.Wiretapping the interception of telephone or telegraph communications for suggest of espionage or surveillance. Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA) (passed -1966, amended-1974) allows the public with the means to shoot doorway to certain government records much(prenominal) as the spending patterns of an post, the agencys policies and the reasoning behind them, and the agencys mission and goals. lovely Credit Reporting Act (1970) this puzzle out regulates the operations of credit- account bureaus, including how they collect, store, and use credit tuition. it is designed to promote accuracy, fairness, and concealing of information in the files of credit reporting companies and to check verification systems that gather and sell information about people. Privacy Act (1974) decl bes that no agency of the U.S. government can conceal the existence of distributively private entropy record-keeping system, and that any agency that maintains such a system, must publicly describe both the kind of information in it and the manner in which the information will be used. the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the law enf orcement agencies be excluded from this act. the Organization for sparing Cooperation and Development (OECD) Fair Information Practices are often held up as a model of honest treatment of consumer data for organization to adtake.Summary of the 1980 OECD screen guidelinesPrincipleGuidelineCollection limitation position the collection of personal data. All such data must be obtained lawfully and fairly with the overcomes consent and knowledge. Data QualityPersonal data should be accurate, complete, current and relevant to the purpose for which it is used. Purpose SpecificationThe purpose for which personal data is collected should be should be stipulate and should not be changed. Use LimitationPersonal data should not be used beyond the specified purpose without a persons consent or by authority of law. Security SafeguardsPersonal data should be protected against unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. Openness principleData policies should exist and a data controller should be identified. Individual participationPeople should have the right to review their data, to challenge its correctness, and to have absurd data changed. AccountabilityA data controller should be responsible for ensuring that the above principles are met.Childrens Online Protect Act (COPA)(1998) The law states that a website that caters to children must offer comprehensive privacy policies, notify their parents or guardians about its data collection practices, and receive parental consent before collecting any personal information from children under 13 years of age. European Company Directives 95/46/EC (1998) requires any company that does craft within the borders of 15 Western European nations to implement a set of privacy directives on fair and appropriate use of information.Summary of the European Data Privacy Principle annotateTell all guest what is done with their information.ChoiceGive customer a way to prefer out of marketing.Onward TransferEnsure that suppliers co mply with the privacy constitution.AccessGive customer access to their information.SecurityProtect customer information from unauthorized access.Data IntegrityEnsure that information are accurate and relevant.EnforcementIndependently enforce the privacy policy.Better Business Bureau Online (BBB Online) and TRUSTe independent, nonprofit initiatives that favor an indus label-regulated approach path to data privacy which concerned about the government regulation that could have a negative strike on the Internets use and growth, and that such regulation would be costly to implement and trouble near to change.The BBB Online Seal adheres that the website has a high level of dataprivacy. The seal program identifies online businesses that honor their own express privacy policy.The TRUSTes main rule is that websites should openly communicate what information it gathers, its use, to whom it will be shared, and does the consumer has a choice of opting out. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1998)-th is act required all financial-services institutions to communicate their data privacy policies and honor customer data-gathering preferences by July 1, 2001. This was to fall upon them take actions to protect and secure customers nonpublic data from unauthorized access or use.KEY PRIVACY AND ANONYMITY ISSUESGOVERNMENTAL ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCEFederal Wiretap Act (U.S. enrol Title 18 Part 1, Chapter 119, Wire and electronic Communications Interception and Interception of Oral Communications) it requires processes to obtain court license for surveillance of all kinds of electronic communications, including e- ring armour, fax, internet, and voice, in criminal investigation. A court order must be issued based on probable cause before a wiretap can commence. roving tap government authority to obtain a court order that does not name a circumstantial telephone or e-mail, but allows them to tap any phone lines or internet accounts that the suspect uses.Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA, U.S Code Title 18, part 2, Chapter 206) standards for access to stored e-mail and other electronic communications and records.ECPA amended Title III (Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968) extended the backing IIIs prohi spotlightions against the unauthorized interception (use of persons oral or electronic communications).-this act failed to brood emerging technologies such as wireless modems, cellular, data networks, etc. thus, this communication can still be legallyintercepted.Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) allows wiretapping of aliens and citizens in the U.S. based on a purpose of probable cause that the target is a member of a foreign terrorist sort out or an promoter of a foreign power.Executive Order 123333 (U.S. Pres. Reagan, 1982) legal authority for electronic surveillance outside the U.S. It permits word agencies to intercept communications outside the U.S. without a court order.Communication Assistance for Law E nforcement Act (CALEA, 1994) it covers radio-based data communication. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required providers of Internet phone and broadband services to ensure that their equipment can allow police wiretaps.USA Patriot Act of 2001 Gives sweeping new powers to Domestic law enforcement and world(prenominal) intelligence agencies. It contains several sunsets that gives the government much more surveillance capability. Sunset provisions can terminates itself or portions afterward a specific date unless further actions is taken to extend the lawDATA encryptionCryptography the science of encoding messages so that scarce the sender and the intended receiver can actualize them. Encryption the process of converting an electronic message into a form that can be understood only by the intended recipients. Public key encryption system uses two keysMessage receivers public key readily availableMessage receivers private key unbroken secretPrivate key encryption systemSingle key to encode and decode messagesRSA (named after Rivest, Shamir and Adleman) is a public key encryption algorithm, the basis for much of the security that protects Web consumers and merchants. PGP ( Pretty substantially Privacy) uses 128 bit encryption that represents a total of 2128 . DES (Digital Encryption Standard) the standard for encryption, it employs a 56 bit key that represents 7.21016 . (It can now be crack using brute methods) AES ( advanced(a) Encryption Standards) requires crackers to try as many as 1.11077 combinations.IDENTITY THEFT occurs when someone steals key pieces of personal information to gain access to a persons financial accounts. fastest growing form of fraud in the United States.Phishing is an attempt to steal personal identity element data by tricking users into entering the information on a counterfeit Website. Spear-phishing is a variation in which employees are sent phony emails that look like they came from high-level executives within their organization. Spyware is a term for keystroke-logging software that is downloaded to users computer without adequate notice, consent, or control for the user. It creates a record of keystrokes entered into the computer with or without internet and will send to the email of the spy when internet connections are available.Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 the congress passed this act to fight identity fraud, make it a federal felony punishable by a prison sentence of 3 -25 years. researchers estimated that 1 of 700 identity crimes were led to conviction.CONSUMER PROFILING Companies openly collect personal information about Internet users. They to a fault obtain information without users permission through the use of cookies. marketing firms uses this information in building databases that contains consumer behavioral data. They indispensableness to know about who the users are, what they like, how they behave, and what motives them to buy. Cookies a text file that a website puts on your enceinte drive so that it can remember your information later on. Affiliated Websites is a group or collection of websites served by a single advertising network. 3 Types of Data GatheredPOST it is entered into a blank handle on an affiliated website when a consumer signs up for a service. GET it reveals what the consumer requested product in a specific store. Click-Stream Data it is the tracking of the information the user sought and viewed.4 Ways to Limit/ closedown deposit CookiesSet browsers to limit or stop cookies or browse the web using the incognito(predicate) browsing mode which will remove all marks of your browsing. Manually delete cookies in your hard drives.Download and install cookie management program.Or use anonymous proxy websites to browse websites.However, some websites lock users to browse in their page when cookie is disabled.Personalization software it is used by marketers to optimize the number, oftenness and mix ture of their ad placements. It is also used to evaluate how visitors react to new ads.Types of Personalization computer softwareRule-based used business rules that are tied to customer provided preferences or online behaviors to determine the most appropriate page views and product information to display. Collaborative Filtering offers consumer recommendations based on the types of product purchased by other people with similar buying habits.Types of Personalization Software (Continued)Demographic Filtering it augments click stream data and user supplied data with demographics information associated with user zip codes to make product suggestions. Contextual Commerce associates product promotions and other e-commerce offerings with specific content a user may receive in a new story online.Platforms for Privacy Preferences (P3P) shields users from site that dont provide the level of privacy protectionthey desire. Instead of forcing users to find and read through the privacy po licy for each site they visit, P3P software in the computers browser will download the privacy policy for each site, run out it and notify users if the policy does not match their preferences. The World Wide Web Consortium, an international privacy group whose members include Apple, Commerce One, Ericsson, and Microsoft, created P3P and is supporting its development. TREATING CONSUMERS DATA RESPONSIBILITY-Strong measures are required to avoid customer family relationship problems. Code of Fair Information Practices most widely accepted approach to treating consumers data responsibly. Guidelines of Code of Fair Information Practices and the 1980 OECD an organizations collects only personal information that is necessary to deliver its product and services. Company ensures that the information is carefully protected and accessible only by those with a need to know, and that consumers can review their own data and make corrections. Company informs customers if it intends to use its information for research or marketing, and it provides a means for them to opt out.Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) executive to oversee data privacy policies and initiatives. Duties of CPOAvoid government regulations and still customers that their privacy will be protected. Stop or modify major company marketing initiatives. prep employees about privacy and checking the companies privacy policy for potential risks. Figuring out if gaps exist and how to fill them. developing and managing a process for customer privacy disputes.WORKPLACE MONITORINGEmployers monitor workers Ensures that corporate IT usage policy is followedFourth Amendment cannot be used to limit how a private employer treats its employees. Public-sector employees have far greater privacy rights than in the private industry. Privacy advocates want federal legislation To keeps employers from infringing upon privacy rights of employees.SPAMMING the transmission of the same email message to a large number of people. Spammer s target individual users with direct email messages, building their mail list by scanning Usenet postings, buying mail lists or searching the web for addresses. extremely two-a-penny method of marketing. used by many legitimate organizations. can contain unwanted and objectionable materials. arrogant the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing(CAN-SPAM)the act says it is legal to email provided that the message meet a few prefatory requirements (1) spammers cannot disguise identity, (2) there must be a label in the message specifying that it is an ad or solicitation, and (3) include a way that the recipient can stop the receiving of spam. The act failed to slow the flow of spam but instead, it actually increased the flow of spam by legalizing it.ADVANCED SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGYAdvanced surveillance technology provide a new data gathering capabilities, however, these advance can also diminish individuals privacy.Advocates of the technology argue that people have no leg itimate expectations of privacy in a public place. Camera Surveillance is one of the most common advanced system used in surveillance nowadays. It has the capability to record events, detecting unusual behaviour, automatically capturing important events, and used in supervise day to day events in different places. Facial Recognition SoftwareThere have been many experiments with facial recognition software to help identify criminal suspects and other undesirable characters. It has been first well-tried by the Rampart Division of the Los Angeles Police Department and yielded a result. Global Positioning System (GPS)These are chips placed in different devices to monitor locations of theusers. It is useful in locating callers of 911, parents monitoring their children, etc.