Who Is the Creator of the Refrigerator

The refrigerator is such an important component of modern life that it is hard to imagine what the world was like without it. Before mechanical refrigeration systems were introduced, people had to cool their food using ice and snow, either found locally or brought down from the mountains. The first cellars for keeping food cold and fresh were holes that were dug into the ground and lined with wood or straw and packed with snow and ice. This was the only means of refrigeration throughout most of human history. Refrigeration The advent of modern refrigerators changed everything, eliminating the need for ice houses and other crude means of keeping food cool. How do the machines work? Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, to lower its temperature. To cool foods, a refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. The liquid or refrigerant evaporates at an extremely low temperature, creating cool temperatures inside the refrigerator. In more technical terms, a refrigerator produces cool temperatures by rapidly vaporizing a liquid through compression. The quickly expanding vapor requires kinetic energy and draws the energy it needs from the immediate area, which then loses energy and becomes cooler. Cooling generated by the rapid expansion of gases is the primary means of refrigeration today. Early Refrigerators The first known artificial form of refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow in 1748. Cullens invention, though ingenious, was not used for any practical purpose. In 1805, an American inventor, Oliver Evans, designed a blueprint for the first refrigeration machine. But it wasn’t until 1834 that the first practical refrigerating machine was built by  Jacob Perkins. The refrigerator created cool temperatures using a vapor compression cycle. Ten years later, an American physician named John Gorrie built a refrigerator based on Oliver Evans design. Gorrie used the device to cool the air for his yellow fever patients. In 1876, German engineer Carl von Linden patented the process of liquefying gas that has become part of basic refrigeration technology. Improved refrigerator designs were later patented by African-American inventors Thomas Elkins  and  John Standard. The Modern Refrigerator Refrigerators from the late 1800s until 1929 used toxic gases such as ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide as refrigerants. This led to several fatal accidents in the 1920s, the result of methyl chloride leaking out of refrigerators. In response, three American corporations launched collaborative research to develop a less dangerous method of refrigeration, which led to the discovery of  Freon. In just a few years, compressor refrigerators using Freon would become the standard for almost all home kitchens. Only decades later would people realize that these chlorofluorocarbons endanger the ozone layer of the entire planet. As of 2018, compressor refrigerators were still the most common, though some countries have made efforts to phase out the use of chlorofluorocarbons. Some machines now use alternative refrigerants such as HFO-1234yf that are not as harmful to the atmosphere. There even exist refrigerators that operate using solar, magnetic, and acoustic energy.

The Anglo-Saxon Sonnet Rewriting Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130

The Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting a Shakespeare’s Sonnet â€Å"130† Through the Eyes of the Author of Beowulf My woman’s sight-seers shine like the sun; Her kiss-givers grant a great fiery glow; Her bone-house is a rare beast made to stun; The hairs on her head hang as soft as snow. Like a pollen-producer gleams garnet, Her cheeks blush, blinding any early man; Unlike a slimy serpent’s foul sweat, Her scent smells of fresh gold, or better than. Her voice flows like the whale-road, that I’m sure, My love quickens when I hear her murmur; She strolls above the ground, I can assure, For my toes touch the terrain more firmer. My fondness for her, rapid in my heart, Will keep us together, never to part. William†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare also incorporates alliteration in sonnet â€Å"130,† but not quite to the extent of usage like the author of Beowulf. Kennings are another writing method that the author of Beowulf deeply integrates throughout his poem. In Beowulf, the kennings â€Å"wave-crosser† and â€Å"sea-shawl† are used to give short metaphors of specific things such as a boat and the sail on a boat. In my rewrite of sonnet â€Å"130† I stressed and slightly exaggerated the usage and variety of kennings to demonstrate this unique figurative language that’s greatly adopted by the author. I note the compound â€Å"kiss-givers† to describe this certain woman’s lips. This kenning explains the intended purpose that the woman’s lips hold to the speaker; to give kisses to him. Another kenn ing I added is â€Å"pollen-producer,† which represents a flower. The flower is then later compared to the woman’s blushing cheeks. This kenning assists in giving the striking picture of the woman’s face by comparing it to a delicate, beautiful, red flower. Kennings are a form of metaphoric language that adds variety to the poem, while also helping the described features be more understood by using a familiar comparison. Imagery is seen in both William Shakespeare’s works and in Beowulf to suggest a more significant visual experience for the reader. Imagery can help set the scene, describe a character, or explain an event; imagery can be utilized for a countless number of situations. In

The Rise Of Pop Art - 1657 Words

In the 1940s the United States and the allies were in the midst of a deadly war against their Nazi-German counterparts, World War II officially ended in 1945 and the Allies were victorious. In the early 1950s the post-war economic boom in both the United States of America and Great Britain, gave the people optimism and money to spend as the super markets were filled with all kinds of consumer goods . The economy was good and people were happy. Capitalizing on the post-war economic boom of the 1950s were advertisers. Advertising persuaded many, it told people what was popular, what was good, and what to buy. Advertising and glossy magazines were found everywhere, in the street, the highway, and even at the comfort of your own house as you opened the newspaper. This mass marketing phenomenon was incorporated with the rise of Pop Art. It paved the way for iconic artist such as Andy Warhol and Jasper Johns . With the rise of this bona fide American phenomenon also brought critics. Critics asked and wondered how a can of soup or a soft drink could be considered art. Pop artist, Andy Warhol responded by stating, †Art is what you can get away with.† What made pop art popular? It was brash, transient, witty, hostile, young, mass produced, and most importantly it was low-cost . Pop art was the new art movement of the 1950s and 1960s, it was the successor of the art movement of a decade earlier. In the 1940s abstract expressionism was all the rage in the United States, it wasShow MoreRelatedAttention Getter : The American Culture1387 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance to have on our life and how we live vicariously through them. Today I m going to talk about one man that took these concepts into his artistic ability and thereby created a whole new culture in what we see is art today. This man who is considered one of the fathers of pop art goes by the name of Andy Warhol. or When we eat a slice of pizza we tend to wash it down with a bottle of Coke when we re feeling sick we tend to have some Campbell s chicken noodle soup when we think of rock n Read MoreThe Pop Of Pop Art Movement Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages Pop Art movement, centralised in the United States during the 1950s-60s, was a stage in the post modernism era in which the line between low art and high art was blurred and art was more accessible to the general public (Gambino, 2011). Andy Warhol was an iconic artist during the pop art movement alongside artists like Rauschenberg and Lichtenstein. 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The countriesRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pop Art Movement Pop art got its name from Lawrence Alloway, who was a British art critic in 1950’s. The name â€Å"Pop Art† reflected on the â€Å"familiar imagery of the contemporary urban environment† (kleiner, 981). This art form was popular for its bold and simple looks plus its bright and vibrant colors. An example of this type of art is the oil painting done by Andy Warhol, â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (Warhol, Marilyn Diptych) in 1962. The Pop art movement became known in the mid-1950 and continued asRead MoreThe Developments Of The Twentieth Century Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesand disrupting ways of life and modern capitalism giving rise to popular culture. There have been significant changes to the art world, as the changing environments and culture led traditional modes of art to become modernized and radical. 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An Inspector Calls Essay Questions Example For Students

An Inspector Calls Essay Questions Mr Birling is a pompous and an arrogant person. He is pompous because he wants to let people know that he mixes with upper class people. He was pleased to let the Inspector know that his daughter has just become engaged to, Mr Gerald Croft son of Sir George Croft you know, Crofts limited. He is also complacent because he doesnt like to worry about what other people are saying. I say there isnt a chance of war, he says to his family, these are all silly little war scares. Mr Birling refuses to believe the scaremongers that are predicting war. Hes living in his own protective world and doesnt realise whats really going on. Mr Birling shows that the upper classes gets on very well with the police. When Mr Birling and the inspector are talking about the chief inspector Mr Birling announces to Inspector Goole that, perhaps I ought to warn you that hes an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly frequently. We play golf together up at the West Brumley. The upper class also love talking about their achievements. When Mr Birling is talking to Gerald he boasts that, there is a fair chance that I might find myself into the next honours list. Just a knighthood, of course. This shows that Mr Birling is proud of him self and loves to brag to others of his successes, so that others will respect him more for these outward signs of success. Mr Birling shows us in the play that he is a hypocrite and very worried about his reputation. Mr Birling shows us that he is a hypocrite trying to tell the future. When he is talking to Gerald about the fact that he might be getting a knighthood he says, I gather there is a very good chance if a knighthood so long as we behave ourselves, dont get into the police court or start a scandal. This shows that he is very worried about his reputation because if he does something wrong then hell lose his chance of a knighthood. Mr Birling doesnt believe in the inspectors quote, we are all members of one body. He thinks that we should just fight our own battles and not look after or help others. When talking to Gerald and Eric, Mr Birling says, but the way some of these cranks talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if we were all mixed up together like bees in a hive community and all that nonsense. And, I cant accept any responsibility. If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody wed had anything to do with, it would be very awkward, wouldnt it? Mr Birling aims to make as much money as possible to enable him to live his upper class life. When discussing business with Gerald, his daughters fianci , Mr Birling says lower costs, higher prices. Mr Birling wants the highest prices for the goods produced in his factory but is determined to pay the lowest wages to the lower class that work for him. At the beginning Sheila is exactly like her mother and father: pompous, spoilt, and arrogant. She expects a lot because of her wealth and social class. Sheila always dresses well in elegant and posh clothes; she speaks extremely well and reveals her background when speaking to others of her class, for instance her mother and father. When speaking to her mother she says, yes, go on mummy, you must drink to our health. She also says, Milwards? We go there, in fact, I was there this morning. And, she was lucky to get taken on at Milwards. When these sentences are put together it shows that she shops at very exclusive shops. This is proving that she has a lot of money because she shops at Milwards. Her attitude at the beginning is snobbish here because she believes that only the best should shop and work there and the employees of Milwards should respect the clients.